Identifying The Key Demands Of The Question - 1503 Words

Sample essay illustrating the following skills: i. identifying the key demands of the question ii.collecting relevant evidence from the text, with supporting analysis, to meet the demands of the question iii.composing a response within a clear, relevantly argued and fully illustrated structure  ©Higher Results Consultancy (i) identifying the key demands of the question Choose a play in which a theme of significance, is developed by the dramatist. Briefly indicate what that theme is and then go on to show how the playwright conveys the significance of this theme. The highlighted areas show the most important aspects of the question, what are called the key demands of the question. In this case there are two main stages to the question, both of which rely on the first instruction which is to choose a play in which a theme of significance is developed. a. briefly identify a theme of significance in a play of your choice. b. go on and show how the playwright conveys the significance of your chosen theme. Show how is a very important instruction which is really asking you to take account of the techniques employed by the dramatist to explore his theme. Below (in red) are the paragraphs of a sample essay which tries to answer the above question. Introductory paragraph: In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the playwright focuses on the theme of failure in a success oriented society. Willy Lowman, a failed salesman, is theShow MoreRelatedSouthern Pulp Paper1354 Words   |  6 Pagesrequired operations would be the most important questions to be asked. As stated in the case study the main problem of the mill appears to be the machines, number 5 and 6. They were in use since 1967 and were quite old, and although they were renovated to increase their capacity by putting some investment they are still the bottleneck of the process even if they work beyond their â€Å"rated capacity†. So the main issue would be the capacity of the machines. The key issue in machine #5 performances is runningRead MoreCialis Case Study1034 Words   |  5 PagesCialis Case Study Marking Scheme: Question 1 (25 Marks Total): According to information provided in the case, identify 3 main ED market segments. Describe each segment’s characteristics, including opportunities and barriers for adoption. Focus on key ED segments essential for future marketing campaign, as opposed to all possible segments. If sufficient information is provided in the case, identify potential size of the segment. - Correctly identifying demographics/age as a segment (2 marks) Read MoreCmgt/410 Project Proposal Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagesticket and route the tickets to the appropriate sites. The call center will handle all customer issues from computer problems to human resources questions. This is a well-organized approach for the managing of customer communications for suitable resolutions of customer issues, for follow-up and response to outstanding customer issues, for identifying improvements that can be made to processes, and for refining customer satisfaction. The newly constructed call centers will be created to help toRead MoreMidterm Exam Doc1447 Words   |  6 Pageswhen it is punctured | | Question 2. 2. (TCO A) Which of the following is true about technology trajectories? (Points : 4) | a technology is always replaced by a new technology after its trajectory has flattened (i.e., it has reached its performance limits) most technology s-curves last about twenty years some technologies have steeper s-curves than others a technology s progress along the s-curve cannot be sped up or slowed down | Question 3. 3. (TCO B) When both Nintendo andRead Moremarketing1583 Words   |  7 PagesMARKETING Marketing is the management process for identifying and anticipating customer requirements profitably. All company policies and activities should be directed toward satisfying customer needs. Those setting up their own business should remember that profitable sales volume is more important than maximum sales volume. There are four steps to successful marketing: 1. Market research may be carried out to determine the needs of potential customers 2. Analyze competitive advantagesRead MoreThe Efficient Management Of An Organization Conflict1351 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as a perpetual under review. When people or departments delay in responding to the information demand or withholding it on purpose, it is best to hold a personal meeting to seek resolution before it gets out of hand. In the avoidance level, the manager fails to make a decision, which he is obligated to, and this affects the rest of the department and this results to conflict (Root Demand Media, 2014). Interpersonal conflict can come up from frustration and from various departmental headsRead MoreMarketing Research Paper – Kudler Fine Foods1064 Words   |  5 Pagesouting† (Kudler Fine Foods, 2009). At Kudler Fine Foods they would rather provide high quality products and value added service, instead of economical products in a convenience store environment. Kudler’s current marketing strategy focuses on three key initiatives. The first initiative involves expanding their current services. Kudler marketing identified an opportunity to increase revenue by offering specialty food parties to its customers. Kudler believes that this program will increase the purchaseRead MoreCommuniation1182 Words   |  5 Pagesassessment Outcome 1 1. Identify three key characteristics of the marketing concept. Marketing is about being consumer orientated. All the marketing and the business activities involved should be directed to create and satisfy consumers’ needs and wants. The goal should be consumer satisfaction in order to succeed. The product or service which is being offered should be purely focused on customers/consumers. Market research is another key characteristic in order to succeed as it helpsRead MoreThe Patient Education Program Will Increase Patient Safety1142 Words   |  5 Pages‘unfreezing’ stage, an understanding of the difficulties related to the recognized problem is sought and â€Å"strategies are developed to reinforce the driving forces and weaken or reduce the restraining forces† (Bozak, 2003, p. 81). Unfreezing involves identifying key players that will be influenced by the change and meeting them together to communicate ideas and create lists of all driving and static forces that will influence the project. The ‘moving’ stage is where the actual change in practice happenedRead MoreCore Elements Of Strategic Leadership Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagescomponents of what the style is about. In order to go deeper into the workings of the framework, you need to examine the different components of it. In this section, we’ll first explore the essen tial components of the leadership style, before outlining the key steps a strategic leader needs to take for the framework to work efficiently and effectively. The essential components of strategic leadership As we’ve mentioned before, strategic leadership is often considered similar to any operational leadership

Classical Conditioning On The Field Of The Psychological...

Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is probably the most significant technique discovered and impactful on the field of the psychological school of thought, such one that is famous by school of Behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, discovered by accident between the late 18th century and early 19th the Classical Conditioning method. He realized while feeding his dogs that they would salivate after a while even when he was not carrying any food on him, and this is how he began to study deep the relation among his dogs’ salivation and the response they would provide by being fed. The definition for this study according to the book (Gazzniga, Heatherton, Halpern 2011) is considered by â€Å"A type of learned response; a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response†. In other words, Classical Conditioning is nothing, but a learning process that associates an unconditioned stimulus with a new stimulus that formulates the same response to the new stimulus as well. This reaction is considered an automatic response and once the dog is already adapted to this association, it will happen naturally for a while, but if there is no reinforcement for this created stimulus it could start to decrease and the dog would stop to salivate to the new conditioned stimulus because he’ll forget it. In this type ofShow MoreRelatedClassical Vs. Classical Conditioning1095 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning In this paper, Classical Conditioning is explored by first giving a general definition along with the general phases of basic classical conditioning. Then, more insight is given about the developers of this learning process and their experiments: Ivan Pavlov and his dog experiment and John B. Watson and Little Albert experiment. Finally, real-world applications of this learning process are introduced such as how to treat phobias, addictions and achieve good classroom behaviorRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto commit crimes? Interdisciplinary criminology gives us a better understanding from several fields of study of a better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behaviors are psychological, sociological, and biological. How do we help rehabilitate criminals? Each approach agrees on a criminal’s devotion to aggressive behavior, but they differ in their conclusions. Psychological involves personality, addressi ng certain felt needs, and defective mental processes. SociologicalRead MoreClassical Vs. Classical Conditioning1295 Words   |  6 Pages Classical Conditioning Behaviorism Classical conditioning is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. It can also be known as respondent conditioning. The stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. The components of classical conditioning are as follows: Unconditioned response (UR) which is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US)Read MoreEssay about Psychology: Classical Conditioning1146 Words   |  5 PagesBEHAVIORISM Classical conditioning is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. It can also be known as respondent conditioning. The stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. The components of classical conditioning are as follows: Unconditioned response (UR) which is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) which elicits a specific unconditionedRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor and engineering psychology. Let’s take a look at some important areas in psychology and its of benefit to us. The fields to examine are developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, behavioral and social psychology. Developmental psychology is the study of child development. It focuses on human life span, that is from birth, to adulthood, to death. As a scientific field, it focuses on areas of development such as social, biological, emotion and cognitive processes. To describe developmentRead MoreSimilarities Between Pavlov, John B. Skinner And Classical Conditioning1316 Words   |  6 Pagesand Pavlov focused on classical conditioning, Skinner worked with operant condition, and Bandura experimented with observational learning. All in all, these psychologist discovered many things about the process of learning, many of which I can apply to my own life experiences. Ivan Pavlov spent most of his time studying classical conditioning, a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Pavlov first became interested in this field accidentally when heRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology there are many different perspectives that are employed. In this paper, this student will identify a few influential psychologists that paved the road for modern psychology. John B. Watson was a pioneering figure in the development of the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson was one of the early American psychologists to break Freudian notions that our unconscious mind was behind most of our behavior (Watson E. 1999). Behaviorism according to Watson was the science of observable behaviorRead MoreDiverse Nature of Psychology Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as perspectives, influences, and different concepts. Such as each theorist, have his or her own views and perspectives on psychology. For their different views on human behaviors, cognition, perception, or social or psychological factors that may hinder ones behaviors or thought process. Theorist and their own views, beliefs and perspectives on psychology is a prime example of diversity, because as we all know no two individuals thinks nor perceives things even psychology within the same mannerRead MoreBehaviorism : A Psychological Approach2941 Words   |  12 PagesBehaviorism Behaviorism is a psychological approach that combines the elements of theory, philosophy and methodology. Behaviorism refers to that school of psychology that was founded by Watson. It was basically based on the assumption or belief that it is possible to change, train and measure behaviors (Drisoll, 2000). Behaviorism is a psychological school of thought that was established when Watson published his classic paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913). The terms behaviorismRead MoreThe Impact Of Applied And Behaviorist Psychology On The Field Of Psychology1327 Words   |  6 PagesConsider the Impact of Applied and Behaviorist Psychology on the Field In this paper I will discuss the impact that applied and behaviorist psychology has had on the field of psychology. J. R. Angell at the University of Chicago is possibly one of the most advanced of the functional psychologists, predicted that American psychology was prepared for better objectivity. In 1910, he stated that it is possible that the term consciousness would more than likely vanish from psychology, even more than the

Nineteen Lessons Of Environmental Sociology By Kenneth...

The authors of the book â€Å"Twenty Lessons in Environmental Sociology†, Kenneth Gould and Tammy Lewis, provide a critique on the interactions of various social systems and ecosystems by many different scholars and institutions. A combination of neo-Marxist ideas are used as a base of the world-system theory to create the system for the neoliberal theories (Gould and Lewis p. 39). The world-system theory is looking into economic relationships based off of social changes that are occurring around the world and determining whether the country is benefitting or not (Gould Lewis p.39). This theory is built upon the perspective of the modernization theory; these societies are being directly affected by the lack of modernization within their†¦show more content†¦These theories are closely related when looking at their end goals of wanting to change social institutions that will develop a positive change in the environment. However, when examining the reflexive modernizat ion theory in relation to environmental issues, societies need to think more about what they don’t want rather than want they do want. For example, when evaluating a solution for polluted rivers, rather than looking at what is wanted to better the problem, society should look into what they do not want and evaluate the issue from there. This is where a difference in theories is noted. Both theories show that the idea is not to abandon capitalism, but rather renegotiate and reorganize the problem entirely (Gould and Lewis p.43). The system is then broken down at the individual level and changes are made throughout the system into the institutional level. However, the ecological theory looks to modernize the system as a whole, rather than radically changing it. The â€Å"Cradle to Cradle Design† by McDonough and Braungart is an example of the ecological modernization theory of reintegrating products and wastes back into society. Promoting this design of reintegration i s represented at the individual level as products are being reused rather than destroyed causing unnecessary wastes and pollution.

The Great Lakes Region By Richard White - 1366 Words

Richard White provides a refreshing perspective on the Great Lakes region during the colonial and early national periods in regards to the developing relationships between the intrusive French, British, Americans and the indigenous Native Americans. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in the Great Lakes Region effectively links Native American history to broader themes in American history. He presents a convincing argument of how the Middle Ground, a place the French called the pays d’en haut, allowed for mutual accommodation and an acculturative social solution to develop out of the misunderstandings and the new meanings given to older institutions. White looks to this area to show how Native Americans and Europeans together constructed a complex and dynamic world that became the multiethnic society of early America. White has written a remarkable book that further enriches the historiography of the Great Lakes region and gives us a fuller understanding of this complicated world that underwent profound historic change. White presents an interesting introduction that demonstrates the extremely complex subject and multiple influences that defined the middle ground. He does not state an obvious thesis in his introduction but rather details the larger themes he intends to analyze within the context of his book. He debunks the American myths related to the period of European expansion in the Great Lakes region by noting that â€Å"contact was not a battle of primalShow MoreRelatedYoho National Park : Research1250 Words   |  5 PagesGrizzly Bears are found near the lakes during summer in search for food. †¢ Grizzly bears are eight feet tall when standing on their legs. †¢ They were first found in The Great Plains, eventually they were ridden out to the west by the European settlers. †¢ Lodging, mining, road construction, resorts, and golf courses have invaded the bear habitat. Thus, they live mainly in tundra and alpine meadows. †¢ Moose are found in marshlands, and they consume aquatic animals in the lakes of Yoho. †¢ Male Elks, whichRead MoreThe Major Differences in the Colonization of North and South America between the French, Spanish and English and Subsequent Civil Rights.2019 Words   |  9 Pagesinteracting with the Native Americans who also had slightly different ways of viewing and interacting with the Europeans. There were similarities as well in the way the English, Spanish, and French dealt with Native Americans. The English wanted a great bevy of things from the Native Americans, most notably land, so they would be able to amass a large economic advantage over their French and Spanish rivals and they were, simply put, willing to deceive, steal, cheat, and fight to get it. The crueltiesRead MoreThe Great Northwoods Essay7709 Words   |  31 PagesThe Great Northwoods As with all things, the history of an event does not begin at its conception. With this in mind, it is my intention to provide the reader with a general history of events that led to the formation of the Nicolet National Forest of northern Wisconsin. In order to do so, I found it necessary to begin with the early explorations of such notables as James Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, and Jean Nicolet. These French explorers blazed a path that enabled the settlingRead MoreWhat Effect Does Deforestation Have On The World?1553 Words   |  7 Pagesof people lose the ir jobs, but the economy would also crash as employment would go up and there would be no immediate solution to the problem. This indicates that not having deforestation would destroy part of our society, which would result in a great loss to the human race and to all those people who would lose their jobs. On the other hand, deforestation may be giving thousands of jobs but these people do not know how to operate the forests to their full potential. For example the Amazon, onceRead MoreEssay on Pre-Columbian civilizations1533 Words   |  7 Pages Long before any white man ever set foot in this hemisphere, there were fully functional and highly developed societies here. These civilizations were sophisticated, could even be considered more advanced than the European nations at the time. While the rest of the Eastern world was in the dark Middle Ages, the people here were flourishing. The Aztecs were the Native American people who dominated northern Mà ©xico at the time of the Spanish conquest led by Hernan CORTES in the early 16th century.Read MoreSwitzerland: Unmatched Beauty Essay2475 Words   |  10 Pagesflows into Lake Constance. Lake Constance is the second largest lake in the country. From there, the river flows out of the lake and creates the boarder between Switzerland and Germany. The Rhone also starts in the Alps, however, it is the result of a melting glacier – one from which it receives its name. It flows from its mother glacier to Lake Geneva, the largest lake in Switzerland (Levy). Like the people of Switzerland, the flora and fauna of the country depend on the lakes and rivers forRead MoreThe Dynamic Partnership Of Richard Rodgers And Oscar Hammerstein2093 Words   |  9 PagesThe dynamic partnership of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein are often considered to have fathered of the â€Å"golden age† of musical theater; a distinct and radical departure in musical story telling that had not previously been conceived. Their first venture, Oklahoma!, was inspired by the 1931 stage play, Green Grow the Lilacs, by Cherokee author, poet, and playwright, Rollie Lynn Riggs. Despite the success of this musical adaptation, one must consider Oklahoma! in relation to its source material;Read MoreFactors that Caused the Demographic and Economic Decline of Detroit in Regards to the Marxist Theory1872 Words   |  8 Pagesquestion is: What caused Detroit, the Rust Belt’s most valuable player, to crumble? The answer to this question is contested on both side s of the political spectrum. It’s easy to point fingers and make the collapse of the automotive industry or the white exodus the sole bearer of the blame, but, if anything, the fall of Detroit does not have a single cause, as it was the aggregation of several factors, with some arguably more detrimental than the others, but needing to occur in tandem to strangle aRead MoreReading Key3881 Words   |  16 PagesStates that made it fertile ground for a great nation? Abundant natural resources Prior inhabitance cultivation of the land by the Native Americans The Shaping of North America Know: Great Basin: Lake Bonneville covering most of Idaho Utah today-it drained into the Pacific- drained the west through the Snake River Columbia River system. Lake Bonneville’s beaches are visible 1,000 ft. up of the floor of the Great Basin. Salt Lake lost its outlet and evaporation caused itRead MoreRacism and The Cherokee Essay2630 Words   |  11 Pagesdramatic environmental changes for local populations that resulted in a shift of values, customs and relationships between and within American Indian tribes. These brutal changes led many tribes to incomprehension. They did not understand why the white people were destroying the environment on which they relied to live. This situation engendered many wars between Native Americans and European colonizers (in North America, but also in South America) and later against Americans or the Federal government

Creative play writing †Monologue Free Essays

Rob is a thirty-five year old man, married to Lucy and has one child named Luke aged three. The monologue is set with him sitting in a chair at home holding his sons teddy, reflecting on his life. However it wasn’t always like this†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative play writing – Monologue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pause Waste of money these are (picking up Luke’s teddy). Luke never plays with it! At least he has a roof over his head and a nice loving family. It wasn’t like this for me when I was a child. I was never loved or properly cared for, I never used to get what the other kids did for Christmas and my birthday. That’s why I left home when I was seventeen, went on the streets looking for work and that’s when I got in to the habit. I just couldn’t stop. I made frequent visits to Tom, the alcohol related doctor about my drink problem. The one that stands out the most was when I was about twenty and it was my birthday. I went to the pub, like usual with whatever money I could find or steal to pay for the drink. I don’t remember much of the night except for the landlord telling me I had had too much and that the drink I was drinking was my last one. He had told me time and time again to get out because the pub had been closed for half an hour. I don’t remember anything else but waking up in the alcohol unit at the local hospital feeling very ill with awful pain in my throat and chest. Yes, my stomach had been pumped out†¦again. â€Å"Not you again ROB!† Tom had said annoyingly. I could tell Tom had had enough of my visits and this time was going to do something about it. † No more drink Rob, how many times, you cant live this way anymore† I clearly remember him saying. At the time I didn’t agree with any of this but in hindsight he was totally right, although I was young and foolish at the time. Tom tried his very best to help me by giving social services a call, who came and spoke to me about my alcohol addiction and accommodation. They said they would help move me out of the â€Å"rough area of Birmingham†. I bluntly refused saying things like â€Å"I’m fine† and â€Å"I don’t need any help†, when quite plainly I did! Pause A few days later a got a job in a local cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. I was on three pound fifty an hour as well, which of course all went on booze. As I didn’t know many people I often felt depressed and very lonely. The only thing that kept me going was that one day things would be different, things would change. How lucky I turned out to be†¦. Pause I lost the job in the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, due to not turning up in the mornings, on several occasions, due to hangovers. Life wasn’t good, I just couldn’t help myself drinking, I just couldn’t stop. As I had no money to buy the drink with I went a few days without it. I became very ill, and had no money to even get some medicine or pills. I tried committing suicide several times, although thankfully unsuccessfully, and was found by this oldish woman, about sixty or so, lying on a park bench dying. Oli Lee 4P She took me by the hand saying â€Å"I’ll help you son†, and I gratefully followed her. We walked back to her car (which I immediately thought of stealing, but I couldn’t drive) and got in. As left the park, back to her house I thought that I should give her a chance and not steal anything and see where it got me. When we did eventually get back to her house Madge, which I later found out was her name and was married to Pete who was at the time out on business, quickly got me inside and fed me. â€Å"Come on eat this†, she said encouragingly, offering me a roast dinner. I accepted and ate it all very quickly. It was the nicest meal I have ever tasted and still remember it to this day. I had some medicine to help my desperation for alcohol which I had mentioned to her and then had a bath and went to bed. Pause I clearly remember waking up to the large silhouette of a man leaning over the bed staring at me. â€Å"Hello son†, he had said. â€Å"Madge has told me all about you. Says she’s seen you regularly in the park looking for food and shelter. Says you might need help?† I said nothing. Who did he think he was, how did they â€Å"know† me? How does HE know I need help? I kept all these thoughts to myself though which proved a very good decision. My gut reaction was to steal what I could and get out of there, but they had taken me in so I didn’t follow the reaction. It turned out that Pete was the manager of a large computer group, Packard Bell. He was looking for a new receptionist type person for his company’s warehouse. When he asked me to do this, I accepted without any questions. This was a major turning point in my life. Madge and Pete were extremely kind, and I worked as the receptionist there for about three years. I knew that I had outstayed my welcome with Madge and Pete so I bought a house, just down the road, with the money I had saved and bonuses Pete had given me. Pause Scene is set in his living room with his wife Lucy sitting next to him. Life was great, a far cry from when I was an alcoholic living on the streets. I had even met a woman named Lucy to whom I am now married. We have a son called Luke who is just starting Nursery school. I could never have dreamt this would happen and it is all down to Madge and Pete. I have also been reunited with my own family who are very proud of me for changing my life and finding happiness now. How to cite Creative play writing – Monologue, Papers

Capital budgeting and CAPM/ CML

Question: Discuss about the Capital budgeting and CAPM/ CML. Answer: Introduction: Corporation is comprised of complex set of activities in which various functions are performed. Sensitivity and scenario analysis play very pivotal role in business decision making. It is related with use of critical financial tools, assumptions, forecasting and analysis of available data in sophisticated approach. Ideally corporate decision making is related with purchasing plans and machinery, opting investment proposals (Merger and amalgamation), entering into contract with other parties, developing new ventures, diversification of business and choosing certain projects (Hornstein, 2013). Capital budgeting refers to the process by which a business determines or evaluates whether to take on a certain project. This analysis involves identifying the available resources (Cash outflow) a business wants to deploy in its business functioning and the amount of money (Cash inflow) a project will generate. In the business functioning due to scarcity of resources it is required to manage resources efficiently. It involves use of various financial tools e.g. net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index etc. However, this budgeting plan and its effectiveness could be enhanced with the use of sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis in certain manner. Management of company at the time of selecting project has to analysis and compares its positive and negative outcomes. Sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis provides relative assumptions and relative data in context with the changing factors of the market. It helps organizations to prepare back up plan in ca se of worst condition and productive plans in case of best conditions of the market (Tian Jiang, 2015). Sensitivity analysis It is an analysis which helps a business forecast what will happen to the project opted if estimates and assumption taken turn out to be unreliable and variable. It is accompanied with the activities which involves adapting assumptions or estimation in certain manner as per the required situation. It prepares organization to develop an effective business plan which could handle all the type of risk arises in different economic circumstances. However, this analysis is useful to prepare managers and other investors in case of opted project dose not generate expected cash. It helps in determining better analyzing the project before making an investment plan (Crestaux, et., al., 2009). Scenario analysis It is designed or prepared to see the result of an action under different factors. It assists in preparing an effective capital budgeting plan to evaluate how investments NPV would differ in different factors e.g. high and low inflation, worst case, best case or other factors as may be changed. (Seitzinger, et., al., 2010). A prepared scenario analysis should be feasible to identify the different set of outcomes in different plans. In capital budgeting it is used to analyzing possible different future events by considering alternative possible outcomes. Use of both analyses in capital budgeting technique Both analyses are used to handle the uncertainty in capital budgeting plan prepared by financial manager of the company. Sensitivity analysis provides analysis of effects of changes in sales, costs, initial investment, and interest on loan and present value factors. According to Drury NPV of the organization should be calculated under alternative assumptions to determine how sensitive they are to changing conditions. For example a business may expect to earn $ 1000, $2000 and $ 3000 (in case of IRR -10 %) in first three years of investment project plan. (Batra Verma, 2014). It means that if initial investment of $ 6000 is made then it will be recoup its expenses within three years. But if IRR is changed to 20 % due to market positive outlook then all the money will be recoup in less time and business will break even in shorter time period. IRR and NPV will be high if relative factors are positively influence the selected project plan and vice- versa (Lilburne Tarantola, 2009). On t he other hand Scenario analysis gives a particular fusion of assumption with a certain factors. In this analysis IRR and NPV may be different in different scenario. With the help of below illustration it could be said that in normal case NPV of the project would be moderate but in best case it would be increased by very high amount and at the same time if conditions are worst then it will be identified as loss making project. The purpose of scenario analysis is not to evaluate or identify the exact conditions or certain factors of opted project in capital budgeting but it just provides a guidance and prepare management for the all the conditions which could happen (Saxena, 2015). Factors Normal case Best case Worst case Yield - + 10 % - 20% Exchange rate - + 10 % - 10% Transportation cost - -5% +20% Marketing cost - -5% +20% Sales cost - + 10 % - 20% Sales price 1.03 1.05 1.00 Cash inflow 17 % 29 % 1 % NPV 1 2.2 -2.7 Risk in capital budgeting Capital budgeting is a financial tool which is related with making assumptions and estimates about the future performance. However, due to various factors these assumptions and estimates turn out to be wrong and project may depict negative results. For instance if IRR is considered to be 10 % in normal condition and due to worst conditions cost of capital is increased by 15% then IRR will also be increased at the same time. At the same time proposed NPV will also be affected if the same assumptions are changed due to uncertain market condition of the business. Therefore in order to mitigate risk in capital budgeting both analysis are very effective. This analysis depicts the actual impact on present value of cash inflow in case of 20% higher sales, base analysis and 20 % lower sales. With the help of both analyses it would be possible to indicate those variables to which NPV is most sensitive, and the extent to which these variables may be change in different particular situation. Besides, it is also helpful in capital budgeting to evaluate and control of all variables which might affect the NPV and IRR of the initial project investment plan. It is also observed that capital budgeting is very effective tools for determining the best project plan in certain business conditions. Sensitivity analysis and Scenario analysis provides a systematic plan to prepare managers to make changes accordingly if existing circumstances do not remains the same. CAPM model This model describes and establishes nexus between systematic risk and expected return for the identified assets (stocks, scriptures). Ideally investors use this CAPM model in order to evaluate time value of money and risk in their capital investment projects. The standard CAPM pricing model assist in determining the return which is required by the investors in particular risk undertaking venture. CAPM model helps in identifying the expected rate of return of security and portfolio. In simple words CAPM model provides that expected rate of return of a security match with rate on risk- free security plus a risk premium. Therefore if the given expected return does not meet the required rate of return then the investment project should not be undertaken. CAPM models takes into account following factors such as Ke (cost of capital) RF( return on government security) Rm ( Market risk) beta (related risk of the security with the changes in the market conditions) (Bornholt, 2013). The Risk free rate of return (Rf) is 4 % and beta of the same is 1.5 the expected market return over the period is 15 %. Therefore market risk premium would be 11% (15-4). After applying the formula (RF+ (RM-RF) B expected rate of return would be 20.5 %. This result is derived on the basis on assumption that all the investors are having homogenous expectation from the market. Capital market line It is the line that is used to depict the rate of return which is based on the risk free rate of return and particular level of risk (Standard deviation). This line helps investors to measure the risk with the use of calculation of standard deviation and helps investors to evaluate efficient and non- efficient portfolios. It is understood that capital market line is very effective tool to measure the risk associated with the particular scripts and portfolio. It is the efficient frontier including the possibilities of risk free lending and investing. It is found that CML does not consider that portfolios are well diversified but it considers both risks (systematic and unsystematic risk). However, when portfolio is well diversified then in that case only systemic risk will be taken into consideration in tangent line. Efficient frontier is the set of portfolio that offers the highest expected return with minimum risk. In simple words it could be said that CML is the line of efficient frontier portfolios which will provide high return with minimum level of risk. However, there are other line (CAPM, SML) which divulges all types of portfolio either efficient or non-efficient. This both lines provide clear idea about market portfolio, expected return, and beta coefficient (Zabarankin, et., al., 2014). Similarities between two models A line which is used in Capital Assets Price model is to describe the rate of return for efficient portfolios based on the risk free rate of return and standard deviation for portfolio. The CML is considered to be superior frontier as it takes into account only efficient portfolio. However, CAPM provides that the entire market portfolio is risk- free assets and efficient frontier (Dempsey, 2013). Both models provide a clear guidance to investors in graph format to assist investors to identify efficient frontier portfolio. In simple words it could be divulge that both are a measure of risk and return of script portfolio and allocate risk free assets in both equations. In addition, they also help in calculation of market return with the particular securities. SML manifests the role of CAPM in graph representation accompanied with set of unrealistic formula and use make graphical representation of CAMP formula. CML also based on assumption and depicts highly return showing portfolio based on given level of risk (Obrimah,et., al., 2015). Differences in two models (CAPM and CML model) Nature CAPM CML Presentation It is the graph representation of CAPM formula. It is efficient frontier risk free assets graphically present return and standard deviation with particular portfolio. Tangent It has systematic risk (Beta) on its X- axis. It has Total risk which is highly volatile on its X- axis. Assumption It is assumed that investors are well diversified and have systematic risk (Dempsey, 2013). It is considered that investors are unknown with market factors and it is better to evaluate systematic and unsystematic risk for better results. Risk factors In case of CAPM risk is shown as beta coefficient Risk is associated with the return of the portfolio and shown as sigma. It is also known as standard deviation. Portfolio assets It shows risk and return for individual assets ( Scriptures and stocks) It provides risk and return for group of assets e.g. portfolio of scriptures. Both above models are best evaluating tools for the investors to make investing decisions in scriptures and other stocks of the organizations. However, these models are used by different set investor as per their choice of actions based on several factors. Ideally it is assumed that CML model is very much useful for the investors who are less likely to take risk in their investment plans. References Batra, R. Verma, S. 2014, "An Empirical Insight into Different Stages of Capital Budgeting",Global Business Review,vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 339-362. Bornholt, G. 2013, "The Failure of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): An Update and Discussion: The Capital Asset Pricing Model",Abacus,vol. 49, pp. 36-43. Cai, C.X., Clacher, I. Keasey, K. 2013, "Consequences of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)a Critical and Broad Perspective",Abacus,vol. 49, no. S1, pp. 51-61 Crestaux, T., Le Ma?tre, O. Martinez, J. 2009, "Polynomial chaos expansion for sensitivity analysis",Reliability Engineering and System Safety,vol. 94, no. 7, pp. 1161-1172. Dempsey, M. 2013, "The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): The History of a Failed Revolutionary Idea in Finance?: The Capital Asset Pricing Model",Abacus,vol. 49, pp. 7-23. Erdmann, L. Hilty, L.M. 2010, "Scenario Analysis",Journal of Industrial Ecology,vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 826-843. Hornstein, A.S. 2013, "Corporate capital budgeting and CEO turnover",Journal of Corporate Finance,vol. 20, pp. 41-58. Lilburne, L. Tarantola, S. 2009, "Sensitivity analysis of spatial models",International Journal of Geographical Information Science,vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 151-168. Obrimah, O.A., Alabi, J. Ugo-Harry, B. 2015, "How Relevant Is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) for Tests of Market Efficiency on the Nigerian Stock Exchange?: How Relevant Is the CAPM for Tests of Market Efficiency?",African Development Review,vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 262-273. Roper, A.H. Ruckes, M.E. 2012, "Intertemporal capital budgeting",Journal of Banking Finance,vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 2543. Saltelli, A. Annoni, P. 2010, "How to avoid a perfunctory sensitivity analysis",Environmental Modelling and Software,vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1508-1517. Saxena, A.K. 2015, "Capital budgeting principles: bridging theory and practice",Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal,vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 283. Seitzinger, S.P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A.F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A.H.W., Billen, G., cht, v., G, Dumont, E.L., Fekete, B.M., Garnier, J. Harrison, J. 2010, "Global River Nutrient Export: A Scenario Analysis of Past and Future Trends",Global Biogeochemical Cycles,vol. 24, pp. GB0A08-GB0A08. Tian, D. Jiang, L. 2015, "Quasiconvex risk statistics with scenario analysis",Mathematics and Financial Economics,vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 111-121. Tsanakas, A. Millossovich, P. 2016, "Sensitivity Analysis Using Risk Measures",Risk Analysis,vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 30-48. Zabarankin, M., Pavlikov, K. Uryasev, S. 2014, "Capital Asset Pricing Model with drawdown measure",European Journal of Operational Research,vol. 234, no. 2, pp. 508. Schmidt, M, 2014, Taking shots at CAPM, viewed at 6th Jan 2016, from, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/09/capm-error-problem.asp

A Theory Of Human Motivation Psychological Review - Free Sample Solut

Question: Describe about A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review? Answer: Introduction The main focus of this report is to discuss about the transportation as the human activity, and to discuss the same with the help of Maslows Hierarchy of needs (Varian 1992). This report will discuss how this theory supports helps in serving the human needs in better way (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). The experiential procedure and the material used in this report will be designed by focusing the transportation activity (Wahba and Bridwell 1976). Along with this study will include primary inputs from the ecosystem, which are crude (oil) and then discuss how human activities are sensitive towards the primary inputs and how the impact of the activity supports in determining the amount of change that occur in the input (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Explain how transport (goods and services) serve human needs using the Maslow's hierarchy framework People often care about the specific set of requirement only if they are able to fulfill their low level needs (Chichilnisky and Heal 1998). Through the development of civilization it has lead towards the development in cities that are slipping back on the pyramids (Frankl 1946). Transport planners also sometimes try to cast the narrow minded as they try to obsess the time for travelling, but one also obsesses to become human beings (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). In the Maslows hierarchy of needs, where one could located the requirement of speed (Maslow 1943). One can argue on this that, the same depends on the reason for travel, but most of travel is related to the lowest pyramid levels, and these levels are, love/belonging, physiological, as well as safety (Firestone and Corbett 2005). These levels discuss about the facts that motivate one to work and work is something that drives towards the transit demand (Krutilla 1967). One can surely say that wo rk is considered as self actualization (Firestone and Corbett 2005). When the same thing is put in other way, one work for self-actualization, but simultaneously, they also work for safety as well as physiological needs (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). More directly, the actual base is the needs at lower level that are often felt, but its important to get those needs (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). For example, when one is waiting for the bus or train, as they want to reach home, when this kind of transportation is safe, or one will look to go home with their child or partner that comes in Love/Belonging level (Firestone and Corbett 2005). In the case of physiological and safety needs, people often work, as they feel motivated towards selling their products, as the same is tied with the success of their own work (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). In the level of self actualization, the question which occurs is that every person demands good urban life (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). By definition its stated that the self selected population portion that fulfill all the lower requirements to the point that they hold time to think in this matter (Firestone and Corbett 2005). According to the Maslows Hierarchy of needs, one should never expect all these considerations to act very convincing to the citizen that strand over the street corner or either at the transit vehicle as the city tries to design their transit for catalyzing the urban life at the expense to make it quite reliable as well as fast (Goulder and Donald 1997). In that case that person will view other people at the high requirement level, who are above the low level needs (Hallsmith 2013). In case of transportation system Hierarchy of needs, it include five needs level, which are: security, safety, social acceptance, time, comfort and convenience, and cost (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). The safety as well as security of the travelers is referred as the most basic requirement in this specific hierarchy (Kaufmann 1992). (Source: Goulder and Donald 1997) In case of psychological requirements and the selection of transportation, various literatures has analyzed the Maslow hierarchy of need their in order to shed the light over how the roadways characteristics and various other facilities are graded as well as perceived (Goulder and Donald 1997). It is significant to analyze as well as understand that each characteristic related to the road, transit, bike, as well as pedestrian facility is associated with certain ways to requirement that the travelers might hold (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Presently, the service level of roadways in relation to the motor vehicle makes use of calculated capacity percentage along with congestion, not including the security as well as safety issues (Corbett and Fischbeck 1997). This is considered as one of the issues in trying to compare the roadways with the other kind of mode facilities that all other facilities are link with the security and safety instead of using ow n vehicle (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). People who travel with their single occupancy vehicle might feel quite less vulnerable towards the myriad of the issues that they might experience while using all other mode of transportation (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Therefore, it is viewed that is not the case of 11 transit or bicycle, and pedestrian that require to get converted towards reflecting the need theory of Maslow (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Its noted that researchers have started to examine the psychological transit choice of motivation (Corbett and Fischbeck 1997). In the review of various studies, it has become quite clear that the Maslow hierarchy of need theory can explain about the selection of transit (de Groot, Alkemade, Braat, Hein and Willemen 2010). For instance, Habermas (1984) highlights about the six principles of psychology in persuasion, which associates with the behavior and change related to transportation (Habermas 1984). This kind of behavior includes the commitment, social proof, reciprocation, consistency, scarcity, liking, as well as authority along with the theory of Maslow hierarchy of needs (Corbett and Fischbeck 1997). Primary inputs into human activity from the perspective of ecosystem goods and services Primary inputs that are selected from the list of ecosystem are crude (oil) that impact the transportation, which is the human activity (Kumar and Hoffmann 2002). Primary input is the crude oil, which is required for the transportation purpose, and without fuel, its not possible to run the cars, trucks, aircraft or ships (Kelvin 1971). In this report primary inputs are discussed (Krutilla 1967). Its noted that in consumption of crude oil is increased all over the world, which has resulted into the decrease the global production (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Increase use of crude oil has created the challenge of pollution in various areas (Kumar and Hoffmann 2002). Although much of the world relies over the production of the trade oil in order to fuel the economies, and all these activities can help in causing the severe damage to the entire environment, whether through knowingly or might be unintentionally (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Dumping of the oil waste, pollution created through the production, or spill of the wreak havoc over the nearby habitat and the wildlife (Kumar and Hoffmann 2002). The primary inputs of the ecosystem are often impacted through the transportation human activity as they transport the oil from one place to the other, and in certain cases accidents can leads havoc (Corbett and Winebrake 2007). Marine life might also be impacted through the cleanup operations or either through conducting the physical damage to the habitats such as animals and plants that are grown or live in the water (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). The plants and the animals are usually at the risk and they might also come in contact with the contaminated surface of the sea (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Its noted that marine animal and the reptiles, or either the birds that try to feed through the diving or through form flocks over the sea; the damage can also occur at the shoreline of the marine life, and even impact the plants and the animals in the marine culture facilities under the sea (Hermann, Schleifer and Wrbk a 2011). Its noted that the runoff through the processing of the petroleum a long with the petrochemical plants have also started dumping the tons of toxic waste in the nearby sea or in lakes, and these factors has impacted the ecosystem (Corbett and Winebrake 2007). These toxic are used in the transportation vehicles and often impact the environment through creating the pollution (Corbett and Winebrake 2007). Its viewed that oil pipelines and that are often stanched with various rivers as well as creeks, along with cropland, and the swamping prime pastures (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Furthermore, its also noted that the complete lagoons and the bays coasts are fouled through the oil spills as well as runoff of the toxic chemicals in the water that impact the marine life (Clark 1973). The damage to the environment also results into the retraction of the oil and the production might also directly impact the regional human life (Corbett and Koehler 2004). Damage might also include the water resource pollution and the soil contamination (Lamarque, Qutier and Lavorel 2011). Its noted that human beings also get affected through the devastation in the environment that also damages the vegetables, health of people, as well as livestock (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Its noted that transportation of oil might result into oil spill that could interfere with the daily power station working and might lead to desalination of the plants that needs regular supply of seawater along with safe operation at the coastal ports and industries (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Damage to the environment might also result into the conflicting issues over the regions of oil production as well as transpiration (Corbett and Fischbeck 1997). Harm done to the environment also relates with the oil resources that could be attributed through the side effects of the conflicts or in certain cases it relates to the aggression of military that intend to create damage to the regions of natural resource (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). The world is entirely dependent on oil as it powers in cooling building, transportation, supports in creating the domestic as well as industrial chemicals and even offer the feedstock for various clothing and material (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Transportation make use of 60% of production of oil that mostly used by trucks and cars (Goulder and Donald 1997). Impact on transportation by determining what amount of change in the input would cause Transportation could be impacted if the changes are brought in the inputs (Ciriacy-Wantrup 1963). In case of oil, which is the nonrenewable source of energy gets reduced; transportation can be hugely impacted, as most of the vehicle makes use of petrol (Antrop, Sevenant, Tagliaferro, Van Eetvelde and Witlox 2012). Its important that the proper facilities and technology could be used for making proper use of crude in the transportation and at the same time adopt certain precautions (Corbett and Fischbeck 1997). Conclusion Its noted from the report that human activity of transportation is impacted through the hierarchical needs. Its noted from the theory that after fulfilling the basic needs, a person moves towards adopting transportation ways that are in their budget. In most of the cases, people, use public transportation for the purpose of security and safety, where else many people make use of personal vehicle for comfort and luxury. This report has also discussed about primary inputs such as crude (oil) from the list of ecosystem and discussed the same with the human activity of transportation and tried to explore the impact on inputs through the human activity and also discuss its outcomes. References Maslow, A. H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370-396. Wahba, M. A. and Bridwell, L. G. 1976. Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15, pp. 212-240. Frankl, V. 1946. Man's Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press Hallsmith, G. 2013. The Key to Sustainable Cities: Meeting Human Needs, Transforming Community Systems. New Society Publishers. Chichilnisky, G. and Heal, G. 1998. Economic returns from the biosphere. Nature 391 (6668), pp. 29630 Goulder, L.H. and Donald, K. 1997. Valuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods. In: Daily, G.C. (Ed.), Natures Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press. Habermas, J. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston: Beacon Press Corbett, J. J., and Fischbeck, P. S. 1997. Emissions From Ships. Science, 278(5339), pp. 823-824. Corbett, J. J., and Koehler, H. W. 2004. Considering Alternative Input Parameters In An Activity-Based Ship Fuel Consumption And Emissions Model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 109, pp. 1-8. Corbett, J. J., and Winebrake, J. J. 2007. Sustainable Movement of Goods: Energy and Environmental Implications of Trucks, Trains, Ships, and Planes, Environmental Management, November. Firestone, J., and Corbett, J. J. 2005. Coastal and Port Environments: International Legal and Policy Responses to Reduce Ballast Water Introductions of Potentially Invasive Species. Ocean Development and International Law, 36(3), pp. 291-316. Kumar, S., and Hoffmann, J. 2002. Chapter 3 Globalization: the Maritime Nexus, in Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business. London: Informa, Lloyds List Press. Antrop, M., M., Sevenant, C., Tagliaferro, V., Van Eetvelde, and Witlox, F. 2012. Setting a framework for valuing the multifunctional landscape and its multiple perceptions. UK: Routledge de Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L. and Willemen, L. 2010. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity, 7, pp. 260-272. Hermann, A., Schleifer, S. and Wrbka, T. 2011. The concept of ecosystem services regarding landscape research: a review. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 5. Pp. 1-37. Lamarque, P., Qutier, F. and Lavorel, S. 2011. The diversity of the ecosystem services concept and its implications for their assessment and management. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 334, pp. 441-449. Goulder, L.H., and Donald, K. 1997. Valuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods. Washington: Natures Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V. 1963. Resource Conservation: Economics and Policies. Division of Agricultural Sciences. University of California, University of California Press. Clark, C.W. 1973. The economics of overexploitation. Science, 181, pp. 630634. Kaufmann, R.K. 1992. A biophysical analysis of the energy/ real GDP ratio: implications for substitution and technical change. Ecological Economics, 6, pp. 3556. Kopp, R.J., and Smith, V.K. 1993. Valuing Natural Assets: The Economics of Natural Resource Damage Assessment. USA: Resources for the Future Krutilla, J. V. 1967. Conservation reconsidered. American Economic Review, 57 (4), pp. 777786. Kelvin, L. 1971. Consumer Demand: A New Approach. New York: Columbia University Press Varian, H. R. 1992. Microeconomic Analysis. New York: W.W. Norton.